References

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History & Description
CHF & Hawthorn
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Studies
Adverse Effects
References

 

Baughman KL, Bradley DJ.  "Hawthorn extract: is it time to turn over a new leaf?"  American Journal of Medicine.  2003; 114(8): 700-701.

Blumenthal, M., et al. "Hawthorn." Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medical Communications, 2000. 182-192.

De Smet PAGM.  "Herbal Remedies."  New England Journal of Medicine.  2002; 347(25): 2046-2055.

"English Hawthorn." PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd edition. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economic Communications, 2000.271-273.

"Hawthorn." Quick Access: Professional Guide to Conditions, Herbs, and Supplements. Newton, MA: Integrative Medical Communications, 2000. 320-321.

Holubarsch, C. J., et al. "Survival and Prognosis: Investigation of Crataegus Extract WS 1442 in Congestive Heart Failure." European Journal of Heart Failure. 2(Dec 2000) 431-437.

Lacaille, Dubois,. Franck, U., Wagner, H. "Search for Potential Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitors from Plants." Phytomedicine. 8(Jan 2001): 47-52.

Morelli, V., Zoorob, R. "Alternative Therapies: Part II. Congestive Heart Failure and Hypercholesterolemia." American Family Physician. (Sept 15, 2000). 

Muller, A., Linke, W., Klaus, W. "Crataegus Blocks Potassium Currents in Guinea Pig Ventricular Cardiac Myocytes." Planta Medica. 65(May 1995): 335-339.

Pittler MH et al.  "Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials."  American Journal of Medicine.  2003; 114(8): 665-674.

Rigelsky JM, Sweet BV.  "Hawthorn: Pharmacology and therapeutic uses."  Am J Health-Syst-Pharm.  2002; 59: 417-422.

Rothfuss, M., et al. "Effect of Long-term Application of Crataegus oxycantha on Ischemia and Reperfusion Induced Arrhythmias in Rats." Arzneimittel-Forschung. 51(Jan 2001) 24-8.

Schussler, M., et al. "Functional and Antiischaemic Effects of Monoacetyl-vitexinrhamnoside in Different In Vitro Models." General Pharmacology. 26(1995) 1565-1570.

Schwinger, R., et al. "Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 Increases Force of Contraction in Human Myocardium c-AMP-Independently." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 35(May 2000): 700-707.

Tankanow R et al.  "Interaction Study between Digoxin and a Preparation of Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha)."  J Clin Pharmacol.  2003; 43: 637-642.

Weikl A., et al. "Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442. Assessment of Objective Effectiveness in Patients with Heart Failure (NYHA II)." Fortschritte Medicine. 114(Aug 1996): 291-296.