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The quality of the valerian extract directly affects its pharmacologic efficacy. Studies have shown that valerian root reduces sleep induction time. Two current theories of how valerian achieves this are both related to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
In vitro,
valerian root has been shown to decrease the degradation of GABA. In
animal experiments, valerian increases the amount of GABA at the synaptic cleft
by both inhibiting GABA re-uptake and by increasing GABA secretion. This
increase in GABA levels may be the mechanism by which valerian causes sedative
effects.
Another
proposed mechanism for valerian's sedative effects is via glutamine levels.
Valerian is known to contain high levels of glutamine. Glutamine crosses
the blood-brain barrier more effectively than GABA does. After glutamine
crosses this barrier, it is taken up by the nerve terminals and converted to
GABA. It is possible that both of these mechanisms contribute to
valerian's actions.
Lastly, Valerian root preparation have been used for treating epilepsy.
Isovaleric acid has been isolated from valerian extract. Isovaleric acid is
a moncarboxylic acid, similar to valproic acid (a treatment for epilepsy)
and is what gives the root its disagreeable odor. Isovaleric acid can be
converted into Isovaleramide, which is more stable. It is unknown if
isovaleramide has anti epileptic properties in of itself, or how much
isovaleramide is converted into isovaleric acid in the body.
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